Bronze Antoninianus coin with a radiated bust of Emperor Gallienus, Sura (Raqqa), AD 261 – 268, Ø 2.2 cm.

Terracotta tessera: Small square tokens with human figures, animals or objects and sometimes Aramaic inscriptions. Length: 2-3 cm.


Metal (gold, silver, bronze) coins: Graeco-Hellenistic: With portraits of kings and queens (obverse), gods standing or sitting, surrounded by Greek inscriptions, animals and objects (reverse). [32]

Roman: With the emperor’s portrait (obverse) and a variety of motifs with Latin inscriptions, often the letters “SC” (reverse). [33]

Byzantine: With the emperor’s portrait (obverse), but with letters and/or Christian symbols (reverse).

Islamic: With Arabic inscriptions on both sides.